DEPARTMENT OF AMERICANIZATION 


Information Regarding Naturalization 
with Outline of 

History and Government in the United States 


By 

GEORGE M. LASELL 
Assistant Superintendent of Schools 
BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 



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1919 


STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION 

HARTFORD, CONN. 














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DEPARTMENT OE AMERICANIZATION 


Information Regarding Naturalization 
with Outline of 

History and Government in the United States 


By 

GEORGE M. LASELL 
Assistant Superintendent of Schools 
BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 



1919 


STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION 

HARTFORD, CONN. 


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lAN 6 1920 











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FOREWORD 


The purpose in compiling and writing this handbook is to 
make accessible material for teachers and students of naturaliza¬ 
tion, which has not been readily at hand and in convenient form. 

This booklet is intended for prospective citizens who can read 
and write English. The desire is to set forth matter of a gen¬ 
eral nature only; for exceptional information the clerk of a 
court having naturalization jurisdiction should be applied to. 

The contents of this pamphlet are exhaustive in no sense — 
are not so intended. The object has been to include essentials 
only, and to remove all matter not immediately interesting to 
the large majority who may be concerned with this subject. 

The excerpts from the Naturalization Laws and the blanks 
should be read, the questions should be reviewed only for the 
purpose of giving the petitioner an idea of what may be ex¬ 
pected of him; the history and government of the United States 
should be studied with the object in mind of acquiring at least 
as much information as is herein contained concerning the his¬ 
tory, Constitution and laws of the country he may Declare 
on oath in open court ” to support and defend. 


INFORMATION REGARDING NATURALIZATION 

The Constitution of the United States in Article I, Section 
8, provides that The Congress shall have power to establish a 
uniform rule of naturalization.” 

The Congress, by an Act of June 29, 1906, established a 
uniform rule of naturalization. This act has been amended 
several times since. 

The Congress in 1913 “ created • an executive department 
in the Government to be called the Department of Labor .with 
a Secretary of Labor, who shall be the head thereof, to be 
appointed by the President, by and with the advice and con¬ 
sent of the Senate.” 

The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was trans¬ 
ferred from the Department of Commerce and Labor to the 
Department of Labor, by the same Act of Congress in 1913. 

The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was divided 
into two bureaus, to be known as the Bureau of Immigration 
and the Bureau of Naturalization conducted by a Commissioner 
of Naturalization and a Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization, 
which, under the direction and control of the Secretary of 
Labor, shall have charge of all matters concerning the naturaliza¬ 
tion of aliens.” 

Some of the courts which the Congress has specified as 
having “ jurisdiction to naturalize aliens as citizens of the United 
States ” are: “ United States circuit and district courts now 

existing, or which may hereafter be established by Congress in 
any State,” and “ all courts of record in any State or Territory 
now existing, or which may hereafter be created, having a seal, 
a clerk, and jurisdiction in actions at law or equity, or law and 
equity, in which the amount in controversy is unlimited.” 

The naturalization jurisdiction of courts extends only to 
aliens resident within the respective judicial districts of such 
courts. 

An alien may become a citizen of the United States in the 
following manner: 

FIRST PAPER 
Declaration of Intention 

“He shall declare on oath before the clerk of any court authorized by this Act to 
naturalize aliens, or his authorized deputy, in the district in which such alien resides, two 
years at least prior to his admission, and after he has reached the age of eighteen years, 
that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce 
forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty 
and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of which the 
alien may be at the time a citizen or subject. And such declaration shall set forth the name, 
age, occupation, personal description, place of birth, last foreign residence and allegiance 
the date of arrival, the name of the vessel, if any, in which he came to the United States, 
and the present place of residence in the United States of said alien: Provided, however 
That no alien who, in conformity with the law in force at the date of his declaration, had 
declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States shall be required to renew 
such declaration.” 


2 


(Form 2213) 


FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION 


U. S. Department of Labor, Naturalization Service 


Note; — A copy of this form will be furnished by the clerk of the court, the Chief 
Naturalization Examiner, or the public-school teacher to each applicant of a declaration 
that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the questions. After being 
hlled out the forin is to be returned to the clerk, to be used by him in properly filling out the. 
decoration. If the applicant landed on or after June 29, 1906, his declaration should not 
be filed until the name of the vessel is definitely given (or the name of the railroad and 
border port in the United States through which the alien entered), as well as the date of 
arrival. 


. To THE Applicant; — The fee of one dollar required by law for the declaration must 
^ paid to the clerk of the court before he commences to fill out the declaration of intention. 
No fee is chargeable for this blank, and none should be paid for assistance in filling it out, 
as the Naturalization Examiner or the Public-school teacher will help you free of charge. 

My name is............Age.years. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full) 

(Give age last birthday) 

Also known as..... 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should 
be shown on line immediately above.) 

Occupation. 

Color..Complexion. 

Height...Feet..inches. Weight.pounds 

Color of hair....Color of eyes. 

Other visible distinctive marks... 

(If no visible distinctive marks, so state.) 

Where born... 

(City or town) ((Ilountry) 

Date of birth..... 


(Month) (Day) (Year) 

Present residence..... 

(Number and street) (City or town) (State, territory or district) 

Emigrated from......... 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to come to the United States) (Country) 

Name of vessel..... 

(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name 
of transportation company should be given.) 

Last place of foreign residence... 

(City or town) (Country) 

*I am.married; the name of my wife is......:.; she was 

♦bom at...; and now resides at.. 

I am now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to.. 


(Write name and title of sovereign and country of which now a subject; or if citizen 
of a Republic, write name of Republic only.) 

Port of arrival... 

(City or town) (State or territory) 

Date of arrival in United States..... 

(Month) (Day) (Year) 

♦Note to clerk of court; — The two lines indicated by the * contain information 
which is provided for by blanks on the latest declaration of intention form; until such 
time as you may be supplied with forms containing these blank spaces the information 
called for herein should be inserted immediately above the twelfth line, which begins 
"It is my bona fide intention,” etc., as requested in circular letter of January 5, 1916. 


SECOND PAPER 
Petition of Naturalization 

"Not less than two years nor more than seven years after he has made such declara¬ 
tion of intention he shall make and file, in duplicate, a petition in writing, signed by the 
applicant in his own handwriting and duly verified, in which petition such applicant shall 
state his full name, his place of residence (by street and number, if possible), his occupation, 
and, if possible, the date and place of his birth; the place from which he emigrated, and the 
date and place of his arrival in the United States, and, if he entered through a port, the 
name of the vessel on which he arrived; the time when and the place and name of the 
court where he declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States; if he is 
married he shall state the name of his wife, and, if possible, the country of her nativity, 
and her place of residence at the time of filing his petition; and if he has children, the 
name, date, and place of birth and place of residence of each child living at the time pf the 
filing of his petition: Provided, That if he has filed his declaration before the passage of 
this Act he shall not be required to sign the petition in his own handwriting. 

"The petition shall set forth that he is not a disbeliever in or opposed to organized 
government, or a member of or affiliated with any organization or body of persons teaching 
disbelief in or opposed to organized government, a polygamist or believer in the practice 
of polygamy, and that it is his intention to become a citizen of the United States and to 

3 





































renounce absolutely and forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potefttate, 
state, or sovereignty, and particularly by name to the prince, potentate, state or sovereignty 
of which he at the time of filing of his petition may be a citizen or subject, and that it is 
his intention to reside permanently within the United States, and whether or not he has 
been denied admission as a citizen of the United States, and, if denied, the ground or grounds 
of such denial, the court or courts in which such decision was rendered, and that the cause 
for such denial has since been cured or removed, and every fact material to his naturalization 
and required to be proved upon the final hearing of his application. 

"The petition shall also be verified by the affidavits of at least two credible wit¬ 
nesses, who are citizens of the United States, and who shall state in their affidavits that 
they have personally known the applicant to be a resident of the United States for a_ period 
of at least five years continuously, and of the State, Territory, or district in which the 
application is made for a period of at least one year immediately preceding the date of the 
filing of his petition, and that they each have personal knowledge that the petitioner is a 
person of good moral character, and that he is in every way qualified, in their opinion, to 
be admitted as a citizen of the United States. 

"In case the petitioner has not resided in the State, Territory or district for a period 
of five years continuously and immediately preceding the filing of his petitmn he may 
establish by two witnesses, both in his petition and at the hearing, the time of his residence 
within the State, provided that it has been for more than one year, and the remaining 
portion of his five years’ residence within the United States required by law to be established 
may be proved by the depositions of two or more witnesses who are citizens of the United 
States, upon notice to the Bureau of Naturalization and the United States attorney for the 
district in which said witnesses may reside.” 

Two forms for recording facts for petition for naturalization 
are now in use. One blank, form 2214, is to be used by aliens 
who arrived before June 29, 1906, and the other blank, form 
2226, is to be used by aliens who arrived after June 29, 1906. 
Form 2226 includes a request for certificate of arrival and ques¬ 
tions for aliens who entered the United States through Canada 
or Mexico as well as facts for petition for naturalization. Form 
2214 is substantially the same as facts for petition of naturaliza¬ 
tion in form 2226, therefore form 2226 only will be reproduced 
here. 

Form 2226 

REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL 
For Use of Aliens Arriving After June 29, 1906 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
Naturalization Service 
Notice to the Clerk of the Court: 

This form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this country after June 29, 1906. 

When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this form should be given to 
him before he is permitted to file his petition, and the execution of the petition for naturaliza¬ 
tion sholild not be commenced until the certificate of arrival is received by the clerk of.the 
court. The alien should be directed to complete the letter below and carefully fill in all 
the blanks in this form, as the information is necessary to obtain the certificate of arrival, 
and will aid the clerk of the court in filing the petition for naturalization. The alien should 
then mail this form to the Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of Labor, Washing¬ 
ton, D. C. 

That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward to the clerk of the court the 
certificate of arrival required by section 4 of the’act of June 29, 1906, to be attached to and 
made a part of the petition at the time of its filing. The statement of facts will also be 
forwarded to the clerk of the court. Notice will also be given to the alien that the certificate 
has been sent to the clerk of the court named by him. 


Commissioner of Naturalization, 

U. S, Department of Labor, 

Washington, D. C. 

Sir: I came to this country after June 29, 1906. Please obtain a certificate showing 
my arrival in the United States and forward it to the Clerk of the... 


(Give on these two lines title of court, and city or town, and county and State where court 
is located in which the petition will be filed.) 

for filing as the law required, with the petition for naturalization which I intend to file in 
that court. 


4 







In the accompanying statement I have given the date I landed and the place of my 
arrival and shown the facts which will go in my petition for naturalization when it is filed. 

Respectfully, 


(Sign name in full) 


(Give address here) 

Note to the Applicant for Naturalization; Please send your declaration of intention 
to the Bureau of Naturalization, with this application. It will be filed with the clerk of the 
court for you at the time the certificate of your arrival is sent to him. 


ONLY ALIENS WHO ENTERED THE UNITED STATES THROUGH CANADA 
OR MEXICO SHOULD ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE. 
AND THEY SHOULD BE ANSWERED IN ADDITION TO THE 
OTHER QUESTIONS ON THE REMAINING PAGES 

Refer to your passport, ship’s card, and baggage labels, if you have any, to help 
you answer these questions. Mail your passport or ship’s card to the Bureau of Naturaliza¬ 
tion with this form and it will be returned after it has been examined. 

1. My full name as given at the time of sailing from Europe was. 


2. My age as given at time of sailing from Europe was. 

3. I sailed on the vessel. 

(Give name. If you can not remember name of vessel, give the line.) 

4. The following are the names of the members of my family who came with me and 

other passengers on the vessel on which I sailed. 


5. 


6 . 


7. 


I arrived at seaport of. 


Canada 
in Mexico 


on..... 

(Month) (Day) (Year) 

Canada 

My destination in Mexico was.i.... 

(If alien informed immigration authorities at port of embarkation and at port of arrival 
in Canada or Mexico that he had no intention of remaining in that country 
please so state.) 

I was going to join. . .-...q—yy.v. 

(Here give name of person and address.) 


8. I was.examined for admission into the United States at.. 

(if not examined, write “not” in blank space) 

(If you were examined on a train, state this fact also.) 

9. My full name as given when examined for admission into the United States was. 


10 . 

at.. 


I entered the United States on. 

(Month) (Day) 


(Give name of place at border of the United States.) 


(Year) 


V . U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR NATURALIZATION SERVICE 
FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION 


My name is.............:.. 

(Alien should state here his true, original, and correct name in full.) 

Also known as...-.....y-"" 

(If alien has used any other name in this country, that name should be shown on line 

immediately above.) 

1. My place of residence is. 


(Number and name of street) (City or town) 

.(County). (State, Territory, or District) 

2. My present occupation is.—. 

3, I was born on the.day of. 


(City or town) 


., 18.. 

f las' 
((Country) 


.... at. 

(City or town) 

, and my last foreign residence was 


5 








































4. I emigrated to the United States from... 

(Place where alien got on ship or train to come to the United States.) 

.on or about the.day of., 19. 

(Country) 

and arrived at the port of.on the.... 

(Port of arrival) (State) 

day of.... 19.. on the vessel.. of the...Line 

by first cabin.. second cabin.. steerage.. 


(If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name 
of transportation company should be given.) 

at which time my height was.feet.inches; complexion.; 

color of hair.; color of eyes.; occupation.; destined to.. 

.,and accompanied by.; 

(City or town) (State) 

destined.. 

(Person or persons to whom destined) 


(If the alien came under some other name than his own name, the name used on the 
steamship must be given here, or the record of arrival cannot be found.) 


(If the alien came as a stowaway or deserting seaman, or in any other manner than 
as a passenger, please so state.) 

5. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United States on the.day of 

.19.. at.... in the.Court of 

(Location of court) 


6. I am.married. My wife’s name is. 

(Petitioner if a widower, should give the name of his wife when living, and state place 
of her birth, and fact of her death; if not married, he should enter “not" in 
first space.) 

She was born on the.day of.... 1.. at. 

(City or town) 


, and now resides at. 


(Country) (Number and street) 

. I have...children, and 

(City or town) (State or country) 

the name, date and place of birth, and place of residence of each of said children is as follows* 


, born. 

.day of. 

.. 1. 

.at. 

.; resides at. 

, born. 


.. 1. 

.at. 

.; resides at. 

., born. 


. 1. 

.. at. 

.; resides at. 

, born. 

.day of.. 

. 1. 

., at. 

.; resides at. 

, born. 


.. 1. 


.; resides at. 

, born. 


.. 1. 

., at. 

.; resides at 

, born. 

.day of.. 

. 1. 

. at.. 

.; resides at 


7. I now owe allegiance to....... 

(Name of sovereign and country of which alien is now a subject.) 

8 . I am able to speak the English language. 

9 . I have resided continuously in the United States since the...,..day of. 19. 

[Territory of) 

and in the{ State [•.since the.day of., 19_ 

[District } 

10. I have.heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. 

(If petitioner has heretofore made application for citizenship, the facts required should 
be fully stated in the following blanks.) 

I previously petitioned for citizenship to the.court, at 


(City or town) (State, territory, or district) 

on the.day of.. 1. which was denied for the following 

reason.... 

The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. 

My Declaration of Intention No .. is Sent With This Application* 

Give names, occupations, and residence addresses of two witnesses, citizens of the United 
States, who have known yOu for at least five years, last past, as a resident of the State in 
which petition is made, who will make affidavit that you are a person of good moral character, 
that you are qualified in every way to be admitted a citizen of the United States, and who 
will appear with you before the clerk when petition is filed and also be present at the hearing 
of the petition by the court. 

If you have resided in the State in which petition is made for at least one year, last 
past, but less than five years, the two witnesses must verify the entire period of residence 
within said State, and the remaining portion of the five years’ residence in some other state 
must be shown at the hearing by the testimony of the same or other witnesses appearing in 
person, or by depositions taken under section 10 of the naturalization act of June 29, 1906- 
The required form for notice to take depositions may be obtained from the clerk of court 
when petition is filed. 


(Name) 

(Name) 


(Occupation) 

(Occupation) 

6 


(Residence address) 
(Residence address) 















































































































f witnesses who will te substituted by me if those appearing with me at the time 

of filing my petition for naturalization are unable to appear at the time of the hearing: 

(Name) (Occupation) (Residence address) 

(Name) (Occupation) (Residence address) 

CERTIFICATE OF NATURALIZATION 
(In form it is substantially as follows:) 

Number. 

Petition, volume.. page. 

Stub, volume.. page. 

Description of holder: Age.; height.; 

color...; complexion.; color of eyes.; 

color of hair...; visible distinguishing marks.; 

Name, age, and place of residence of wife... 

. Names, ages, and places of residence of minor children 


Signature of holder. 

Be it remembered that at a.term of the.court of 

... held at...on the.day of. 

in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and., .. who 

previous to his (her) naturalization was a citizen or subject of.. 

at present residing at number.street, .city 

(town).State (Territory or the District of Columbia), having 

applied to be admitted a citizen of the United States of America pursuant to law, and the 
court having found that the petitioner had resided continuously within the United States 
for at least five years and in this State for one year immediately preceding the date of the 
hearing of his (her) petition, and that said petitioner intends to reside permanently in the 

United States, had in all respects complied with the law in relation thereto, and that. 

he was entitled to be so admitted, it was thereupon ordered by the said court that. 

he be admitted as a citizen of the United States of America. 


In testimony whereof the seal of said court is hereunto affixed on the.. 

day of.. in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and. 

and of our independence the. 


(Official character of attestor.) 


STUB OF CERTIFICATE OF NATURALIZATION 

f No. of certificate. 

Name.: age. 

Declaration of intention, volume.. page. 

Petition, volume...page. 

Name, age and place of residence of wife......... 

Names, ages, and places of residence of minor children. 


Date of order, volume.. page. 

(Signature of holder). 

"That the Secretary of Labor shall have power to make such rules and regulations 
as may be necessary for properly carryinginto execution the various provisions of this Act.” 

SPECIAL FACTS FOR PETITIONERS 

% 

Honorably discharged members of the United States Army, Navy or Marine Corps 
may be exempt from certain formalities. They should state their case to the clerk of the 
superior court, who will acquaint them with any exemption, if any. 

Naturalization is limited to white persons and those of the African race. 

Naturalization of Chinese is prohibited by Act of May 6, 1882. 

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction 
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” 

"Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married to a citizen of the United 
States, and who might herself be lawfully naturalized, shall be deemed a citizen.” 

"Any American woman who marries a foreigner shall take the nationality of her 
husband.” 

"All children heretofore born or hereafter born out of the limits and jurisdiction of 
the United States, whose fathers were or may be at the time of their birth citizens thereof, 
are declared to be citizens of the United States; but the rights of citizenship shall not 
descend to children whose fathers never resided in the United States.” 

"Whoever shall falsely make, forge, or counterfeit, or cause or procure to be falsely 
made, forged, or counterfeited, or shall knowingly aid or assist in falsely making, forging, 

7 






































































r 


pr counterfeiting any certificate of citizenship, with intent to use the same, or with the 
intent that the same may.be used by some other person, shall be fined not more than ten 
thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.” 

‘‘Naturalization papers may be legally filed by any unmarried woman who is other¬ 
wise qualified, or the widow of a foreign-born person not naturalized, but not by a woman 
during the existence of the marital relation. Notation of the facts in each case should be 
made upon the face of each paper before it is issued.” 

‘‘Sec. 13. That the clerk of each and every court exercising jurisdiction in naturaliza¬ 
tion cases shall charge, collect, and account for the following fees in each proceeding: 

‘‘For receiving and filing a declaration of intention and issuing a duplicate thereof, 
one dollar, 

‘‘For making, filing, and docketing the petition of an alien for admission as a citizen 
of the United States and for the final hearing thereon, two dollars;^ and for entering the 
final order and the issuance of the certificate of citizenship thereunder, if granted, two dollars. 

‘‘The clerk of any court collecting such fees is hereby authorized to retain one-half of 
the fees collected by him in such naturalization proceeding; the remaining one-half of the 
naturalization fees in each case collected by such clerks, respectively, shall be accounted for 
in their quarterly accounts, which they are hereby required to render the Bureau of Naturali¬ 
zation, and paid over to such Bureau within thirty days from the' close of each quarter in 
each and every fiscal year, and the moneys so received shall be paid over to the disbursing 
clerk of the Department of Labor, who shall thereupon deposit them in the Treasury of 
the United States, rendering an account therefor quarterly to the Auditor for the State 
and other Departments, and the said disbursing clerk shall be held responsible under his 
bond for said fees so received. 

‘‘In addition to the fees herein required, the petitioner shall, upon the filing of his 
petition to become a citizen of the United States, deposit with and pay to the clerk of the 
court a sum of money sufficient to cover the expenses of subpoenaing and paying the legal 
fees of any witnesses for whom he may request a subpoena, and upon the final discharge of 
such witnesses they shall receive, if they demand the same from the clerk, the customary 
and usual witness fees from the moneys which the petitioner shall have paid to such clerk 
for such purpose, and the residue, if any, shall be returned by the clerk to the petitioner.” 

‘‘The Comptroller of the Treasury has decided that section 13 requires the collection 
of the final fee of $2 whether the certificate of naturalization be issued or denied.” 

INSTRUCTIONS 

To Those Who Wish to Become Naturalized 

1. Go to, or write, the Clerk’s Office, Superior Court, for 
blanks and information not given herein. 

If you write, give your name in full, address, and state 
what paper you desire: First or Second. 

If Second Paper state when you arrived in the United 
States last time, and when you arrived in State of Connecti¬ 
cut, last time, and when you took out your First Paper, and 
where. 

2. To those who have taken out no paper: 

Take out First Paper, that is, make a declaration of in¬ 
tention. This may be done as soon as you enter the country. 

You must be at least eighteen (i8) years of age, and a 
resident of your'County, — that is, you must live in your 
County. 

No witnesses are required for First Paper. 

The charge for this First Paper is one dollar. 

After taking out First Paper, you must wait at least two 
years before taking out Second Paper. 

You may not wait more then seven years; that is, the 
First Paper or Declaration of Intention, becomes invalid for 
all purposes seven years after its date. 

3. To those who have taken out their First Paper: 

Take out Second Paper, — that is, make petition for 
Naturalization. 


8 


Qualifications 

You must have resided in the United States for the last 
five years and in the State of Connecticut for the last one 
year. 

You must be at least twenty-one (21) years of age, and 
a resident of your County, — no length of time specified, 
excepting that you must “ live in ” your County. 

You must take your First Paper with you at the time 
you apply for Second Paper. 

Note I. Honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of 
the United States should make the fact known, and be able 
to give date of discharge. 

Note 2. “ When any alien who has taken out his First 

Paper dies before he is naturalized, the widow and children 
may file a petition for Second Paper without taking out First 
Paper, but they must produce the First Paper of the deceased 
at the time the petition is filed.” 

You must be able to sign the petition in your own hand¬ 
writing and be able to speak the American language. 

You must be accompanied by two witnesses at the time 
you apply for Second Paper. The witnesses must be citizens 
of the United States, who have known you to be a resident 
of the United States for the last five years (except as noted 
below), and of the State of Connecticut for the last year. 

Note i. If the witnesses are naturalized citizens they 
must bring their papers with them at the time of filing the 
petition. 

Note 2. “ If the petitioner has not resided in the State 

for the last five years, he may establish by two witnesses the 
time of his residence within the State, provided that it has 
been for the last year, and the remaining portion of his last 
five years’ residence within the United States may be proved 
by the depositions of two witnesses who are citizens.” 

Note 3. “ Petitioners wishing to have such depositions 

taken must bring names and addresses of such witnesses at 
•the time they file their petitions, which depositions are to be 
taken by the Division of Naturalization.” 

Note 4. A petitioner who arrived in the United States 
on or after June 29, 1906, before he may file petition must 
fill in the blank “ Request for Certificate of Arrival ” and 
send it to Chief, Division of Naturalization, Washington, 
D. C. . 

When the Certificate of Arrival is received by the Clerk 
of the Court, the Clerk will notify the petitioner of its re¬ 
ceipt ; and the petitioner may then make an appointment with 
the Clerk to appear with his witnesses. 

It is not necessary to take witnesses to Clerk’s office when 
petitioner goes for the blank “ Request for Certificate of 
Arrival.” 

It is necessary when he files his Second Paper. 

9 


4 - To those who have asked for, or filed, their Second Paper: 

Make appointment for the examination. 

Note i. At least ninety days must elapse between the 
filing of petition for naturalization and the examination. 

I\Mte 2 . Two witnesses must appear in person at the 
examination with the petitioner to prove residence in the 
State of Connecticut and five years residence in the United 
States. 

Meet the official examiner in open court to answer ques¬ 
tions on the Government and History of the United States. 

Note: —If the petitioner files the Second Paper on the 
last day of the seven years, he comes within the law. He 
must then wait at least ninety days before he can come up for 
examination. If he is not prepared for the examination, and 
fails, he may be continued on for study, and then try again. 
If for some other reason he fails to appear for the examina¬ 
tion, he will be notified again, and failing to appear, again 
— until it appears to the Naturalization Examiner that he is 
not making an honest effort to appear. Then the examiner 
may recommend to the court that his petition be dismissed. 

If this should happen at the end of the seven years, the 
petitioner would be under the necessity of going through the 
whole process again, — making Declaration of Intention, 
waiting at least five years, etc., but if this should all happen 
within the seven years, he might, if he chose, ask for the 
Second Paper, and he would be heard, and he would be com¬ 
pelled to secure witnesses and go through the whole proceed¬ 
ing precisely as before. 

QUESTIONS 

(Typical of those that may be asked on examination of appli¬ 
cants for Naturalization). 

Question. What is the form of government an the United 
States ? 

Answer. It is a republican form of government. 

Q. What do you understand by a republican form of gov¬ 
ernment. 

A. By a republican form of government I mean that form of 
government in which the people rule through represen¬ 
tatives. 

Q. Are representatives responsible to anything or to anyboody, 
in any way? 

A. Representatives are limited in their official acts by the Con¬ 
stitution and are responsible to the people. 

Q. What is the Constitution of the United States? 

A. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the United 
States. 

Q. What do you mean by fundamental law? 

A. By fundamental law I mean a law, or charter, or document 
with which no other law may stand in conflict. It is the 
10 



highest law of the land, the great law, the law above all 
other human laws in the United States, the law on which 
all our rights are based. 

Q. Who gave us the Constitution? 

A. Our forefathers who were represented by deputies, or 
delegates in a Constitutional Convention held in Philadel¬ 
phia in 1787. 

Q. When was the Constitution adopted? 

A. It was ratified by the ninth state on June 21, 1788. 

Q. What are some of the main provisions of the Constitution? 

A. It provides for a legislative body, an executive, and a ju¬ 
dicial system. 

Q. What is the legislative body called? 

A. The Congress. 

Q. Of what is Congress composed? 

A. Of two houses, the Senate and the House of Represen¬ 
tatives. 

Q. Tell me something more about the United States Senate. 

A. The United States Senate is made up of two senators from 
each state. At any time the number of senators in the 
United States Senate will be equal to two times the number 
of states in the Union at that time. There are ninety- 
six (96) senators, since there are forty-eight (48) states. 

Q. Tell me something about the House of Representatives. 

A. The number of members in the House of Representatives 
depends upon the population of the United States as given 
every ten years, 1910, 1920, 1930, in the census. Each 
state is divided into congressional districts and the people 
of each such district elect one representative. There are 
four hundred, thirty-five (435) representatives, — there 
being four hundred, thirty-five Congressional districts 
in the United States. There are five such districts in Con¬ 
necticut. 

Q. Have you ever read the Constitution of the United States? 

A. (The applicant should be able to answer), I have. 

Q. What is the chief executive in the United States called? 

A. He is called the President of the United States. 

Q. Who was the first president of the United States? 

A. George Washington. 

Q. Who was the president during the Civil War? 

A. Abraham Lincoln. 

Q. Who is the president at the present time? 

A. Woodrow Wilson. 

Q. What do you understand by the judicial system of the 
United States. 

A. The Constitution provides for one Supreme Court and 
such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to 
time establish. 


11 



Q. Where does the Supreme Court have its meeting place? 

A. In the city of Washington, D. C. 

Q. Who makes our national laws? 

A. The Congress makes our national laws. 

Q. Where does Congress meet? 

A. At Washington. 

Q. What laws can Congress make? 

A. Any law that is not in conflict with the Constitution of the 
United States. 

Q. Has the Constitution of the United States ever been 
amended ? 

A. It has. Eighteen amendments have been made to the Con¬ 
stitution. To amend the Constitution of the United States 
the amendment must be passed, first, by a two-thirds ma¬ 
jority of both houses of the Congress, and, second, it must 
be ratified by three-fourths of the States at the time existing 
in the United States. 

Q. Who is the ruler of the United States? 

A. The people. 

Q. What are members of the Senate called? 

A, They are called Senators. 

Q. How are Senators chosen? 

A. By direct vote of the people of each state. 

Q. How long do senators serve? 

A. Senators are elected for a term of six years. 

Q. Who are the Senators from Connecticut? 

A. I. Frank B. Brandegee, Republican, 2. George P. Mc¬ 
Lean, Republican. 

Q. What are members of the House of Representatives called? 

A. They are called Representatives or Congressmen. 

Q. How are Congressmen chosen? 

A. By direct vote of the people in the Congressional Districts 
of each State. 

Q. Who fixes upon the number of Congressional Districts a 
state shall have? 

A. The Congress of the United States. 

Q. Who, then, decides upon the boundary lines for the Con¬ 
gressional Districts ? 

A. The Legislature of the State. 

Q. How does the Congress decide upon the number of Con¬ 
gressmen a State shall have? 

A. By dividing the total population of the State by the number 
of people each Congressman shall represent. 

Q. About how many people does each Congressman represent? 

A. About 2ii,cxx>. 

Q. How many Congressmen are there? 

A. 435. 

Q. How long does each Congressman serve? 


12 


A. Two years. 

Q. Who are the CongTessmen from Connecticut? 

A. I. Augustine Lonergan. 

2. Richard P. Freeman. 

3. John Q. Tilson. 

4. Schuyler Merritt. 

5 . James P. Glynn. 

Q. What is a bill and how may it become a law ? 

A. A bill is the draft of a proposed law. In general it may 
originate in either the Senate or House of Representatives. 
If it is passed by one, it is then sent to the other. If it is 
passed by the second, it is then sent to the President. If he 
approves it, he signs it, and the bill becomes a law. 

Q. What happens if he does not sign it? 

A. If he does not sign it or veto (disapprove) it within ten 
days, it becomes a law without his signature. If he vetoes 
the bill, he must return it to the House in which it originated 
with his objection to it. If the bill is then passed by a two- 
thirds vote in each House it becomes a law without the ap¬ 
proval of the President. 

Q. Who elects the President? 

A. The people, indirectly. 

Q. Just how is he elected. 

A. By Presidential electors, elected by the people. After 
election, the electors meet in Washington and vote for 
President. The man who receives the largest number of 
their votes is declared president. Then they vote for Vice- 
President, and the man who gets the largest number of their 
votes is declared Vice-President. 

Originally expected electors would make their own choice 
but in practice the electors name the candidates of the Party 
which elected them. Their office is a mere formality. 

Q. Can anyone become President? 

A. No person except a natural born citizen of the United 
States, and no person who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
within the United States. 

Q. Can you become President of the United States? 

A. No, I cannot. 

Q. Why not? 

A. Because I can never be a natural born citizen of the United 
States. 

Q. May a child of yours, born in thiis country, become presi¬ 
dent? 

A. Yes, he may. 

Q. What is the President’s term of office? 

A. Four years. 

Q. What are some of his duties? 

13 


A. He is Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy. He 
must see that the Constitution and laws of the United States 
are enforced. He appoints United States judges, secre¬ 
taries of departments, foreign ambassadors, postmasters, and 
all important United States officials, — with the consent 
of the Senate. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties provided two- 
thirds of the Senators present consent. 

He has other duties beside. 

Q. What is the Vice-President’s term of office? 

A. Four years. 

Q. What are some of the duties of the Vice-President? 

A. He presides over the Senate. 

He becomes President in case of the death of the President. 

Q. What is the President’s cabinet? 

A. The President’s cabinet are the Secretary of State, Secretary 
of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, 
Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the 
Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, 
Secretary of Labor. 

Q. May you become a Senator? 

A. Yes, I may. 

Q. Explain why. 

A. Because a Senator must have attained to the age of thirty 
years, been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
when elected, an inhabitant of the state for which he shall 
be chosen. 

Q. How many states were there when the Constitution was 
adopted ? 

A. There were thirteen (13). 

Q. How many states are there now? 

A. There are forty-eight (48). 

Q. What is the Capitol of the United States? 

A. Washington, D. C. 

Q. What is the Capitol of Connecticut? 

A. Hartford. 

Q. From what country did we get our freedom? 

A. England. 

Q. How did we get it? 

A. By fighting through a period from 1775 to 1783, generally 
known as the period of the Revolutionary War. 

Q. What were some of the causes of the Revolutionary War? 

A. The general cause was “ Taxation without Representation.” 

Q. What is to be understood by “ Taxation without Repre¬ 
sentation ? ” 

A. George the third — William Erederick, a German— was 
King of England. So far as possible he desired to control 
the government without the aid of representatives of the 


14 


people. He wanted to tax the people, use the money as he 
willed, and not as representatives of the people willed. 
The colonists, on their part, were willing to pay taxes pro¬ 
vided they were given a voice in Parliament, but the King 
who wanted his authority to become absolute, and to control 
Parliament, would not grant the colonists the right to send 
Representatives to London. 

To strengthen his position and policy, the King had 
heavier taxes laid on the colonists and sent an army over 
to enforce them. Against this the colonists revolted. The 
Revolutionary War was fought. Freedom was won. The 
thirteen colonies of England in America became a separate 
nation, the United States of America — thirteen states at 
that time. 

Q. When was the Declaration of Independence signed? 

A. July 4, 1776. 

Q. Have you read the Declaration of Independence? 

A. (The answer should be) I have. 

Q. Mention something it says. 

A. Among other things it says this:—We hold these truths 
to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they 
are endowed, by their creator, with certain inalienable 
rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit 
of happiness.” 

Q. Of what does the Supreme Court of U. S. consist? 

A. One Chief Justice and eight associate justices. 

Q. How do they get their office? 

A. By appointment from the President of the U. S. and ap¬ 
proval of the U. S. Senate. 

Q. What is the chief duty of the U. S. Supreme Court? 

A. To decide whether laws passed by the Congress are in 
accordance with the Constitution, or not. 

Q. And if they are not, what happens? 

A. Such laws have no effect. 

Q. Are there other U. S. Courts? 

A. Yes, District Courts, Circuit Courts, and Circuit Courts 
of Appeal. 

Q. How do the judges of these courts get their position? 

A. By appointment of the President and approval of the Senate. 

Q. Who are federal judges? 

A. Judges of the courts above named, excepting the Supreme 
Court. Members of the Supreme Court are the Chief 
Justice and Associate Justices. 

Q. Who makes the laws for your own state? 

A. The General Assembly. 

Q. Does Congress make any law for any state? 

A. Yes, but only such laws as are allowed by the United States 
Constitution. 


15 





Q. Of what is the General Assembly of Connecticut composed? 
A. The General Assembly of Connecticut consists of a Senate 
and a House of Representatives. 

Q. What are the members of each called? 

A. Of the Senate, Senators; of the House of Representatives, 
Representatives. 

Q. How are they chosen for office? 

A. Directly by the people of the Districts of the State. 

Q. What do you mean by the Districts of the State? 

A. Each State is divided into a certain number of Senatorial 
Districts and a certain number of Assembly Districts. 

Q. How many State Senators in your State? 

A. There are thirty-five (35) State Senators in Connecticut. 

Q. How many Senatorial Districts are there? 

A. There are thirty-five (35). 

Q. How many State Senators from your town? 

A. 

Q. Who are they? 

A. . 

Q. For how long a term are they elected? 

A. State Senators are elected for two (2) years. 

Q. How many Representatives has Connecticut in the General 
Assembly ? 

A. There are two hundred fifty-eight (258). 

Q. How many Representatives from your County? 

A. There are 

Q. How many Representatives from your town or city? 

A. There are 
Q. Who are they? 

A. 

Q. For how long are they elected? 

A. Their term of office is two (2) years. 

Q. Can the General Assembly make any law it wants to? 

A. No, it cannot. 

Q. Why not? 

A. It may pass no valid law that may be in conflict with the 
Constitution of the State or Nation. 

Q. Does each state of the Union have a Constitution of its 
own? 

A. Yes. 

Q. Tell me something about a State Constitution. 

A. A State Constitution is modeled after the United States 
Constitution and may not be in conflict with it. It provides 
for three branches of government, just as the Constitution 
of the United States does,— viz. a legislative, executive and 
a judicial. 

Q. What is the executive department? 

A. The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. There are also 
minor officers such as Treasurer, Secretary, etc. 

16 


ERRA'PA 
Page i6 

I'he answer to the question concerning senatorial districts 
should read “ each state is divided into a certain number of 
senatorial districts and representatives are elected from the 
towns.” 


Page J7 

d'he answer to the question concerning the ])assage of a bill 
over the governor's veto should read “ it may by a majority vote 
of both houses of the general assembly.” 


ddie answer to the question concerning the judicial depart¬ 
ment of the state should read “ the supreme court and the 
superior court of the state and such inferior courts as the legis¬ 
lature may provide for.” 


The answer to the question “ who governs the counties 
should read d'he Commissioners.” 


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Q. Who is the Governor of your State? 

A. Marcus H. Holcomb, Republican, Southington. 

Q. Who is Lieutenant-Governor? 

A. Clifford B. Wilson, Republican, Bridgeport. 

Q. How are they elected? 

A. By the votes of the people of the State. 

Q. For how long a term? 

A. For two years. 

Q. Is the term of Governor the same in all the States? 

A. No. The term of office of Governor is fixed by the Con^ 
stitution, and its amendments, of each State. 

Q. What are some of the duties of the Chief Executive, i. e., 
the Governor of a State? 

A. The Governor is bound to enforce the provisions of the 
Constitution of the United States and of the State of Con¬ 
necticut, their amendments, and the laws of the State and 
Nation, just as the President of the United States should 
see to it that the Constitution, its amendments, and laws of 
the United States are lived up to and enforced. 

He is Commander-in-Chief of the State Militia; the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States is Commander-in-Chief of the 
Army and Navy of the United States. 

He may veto bills of the State Legislature, or General 
Assembly, as the President may veto bills passed by the 
Congress. 

Q. Can the General Assembly of Connecticut pass a bill over 
the Governor’s veto? 

A. It may, — by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the Gen¬ 
eral .Assembly. 

Q. Name one duty of the Lieutenant-Governor. 

A. He is President of the Senate. 

Q. What do you understand by the Judicial Department of a 
State ? 

A.’ The Supreme Court of the State, and such inferior courts 
as the Legislature may provide for. 

Q. Name the political division of a State next smaller than 
the State. 

A. The County. 

Q. Who governs the County? 

A. Th e- Board of Commissioners. 

Q. Who is the Chief Executive Officer of a county? 

A. The Sheriff of a County. 

Q. In what County do you live? 

A. 

Q. Who is the Sheriff of your County? 

A. 

Q. Who handles the County Finances? 

A. The County Treasurer, — 

17 



Q. Who is the State’s Attorney for your County? 

A. 

Q. Name some smaller political districts. 

A. Town, city, ward, school district. 

Q. How are towns generally governed? 

A. By a Selectman. 

Q. What are some of the town officers? 

A. Clerk, Treasurer, Collector, Assessors, Board of Education. 

Q. How are they elected? 

g\. By the people. 

Q. How is a city governed? 

A. Some by a Mayor and Board of Aldermen, or City Council; 
some by Commissioners; some are governed under laws 
passed by the Legislature of a State, or under a charter 
granted by the Legislature. 

Q. Who is the Chief Executive of a city? 

A. The Mayor. 

Q. Who' is Mayor of your city? 

A. 

Q. May a mayor hold any other elective .office? 

A. Yes. The Mayor of Bridgeport is Lieutenant-Governor of 
the State of Connecticut. 

Q. How are the principal officers of a city or town chosen? 

A. By the votes of the people residing in the town or city. 

Q. Who makes the laws for a city? 

A. Generally, the Legislature of the State grants the city a 
charter, under which the Board of Aldermen may enact 
regulations or ordinances for the local control of the city. 

Q. Who constitutes the legislative body of a city? 

A. The Board of Aldermen or the City Council. 

O. What constitutes the -judicial branch of government in a 
city? 

A. The city courts. 

Q. What are the three great departments of government ’ in 
the United States? 

A. Legislative, Executive, Judicial. 

Q. In the State. 

A. Legislative, Executive, Judicial. 

Q. In what other political districts have you found this to be 
the same? 

A. In the county, town and city. 

Q. Then, what would you say were the three great branches of 
government in this country? 

A. The Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. 

O. Can one man exercise all of the functions of government 
at one and the same time? 

No, he cannot. 

Q. Are all political offices elective? 

18 




A. No. Some are elective, and some are appointive. 

Q. What do you understand by appointive? 

A. The Chief Executive of a political unit, or division, may 
appoint men to office; but, usually, these must be confirmed 
by the Legislative branch of government. 

Q. Can all of the people vote at. election time? 

A. No. As a usual thing, people must be (a) at least twenty- 
one (21) years of age, (b) a citizen of the United States, 
(c) must have lived in the State, county, city, or town a 
certain length of time, (d) and certain other restrictions. 

In Connecticut, they must be of good moral character,” 
and “ shall be able to read any article of the Constitution 
or any section of the Statutes of this State.” 

Q. When was the Revolutionary War? 

A. 1775 to 1783. 

Q. When was the Second War with England? 

A. 1812 to 1814. 

Q. Who was President during the Second War with England? 

A. James Madison. 

Q. Why did the United States and England go to war? 

A. Because of the Impressment of American Seamen by the 
English, and because of the unjust interference with our 
commerce by the English Navy. 

Q. What was the outcome of the war? 

A. The war put a stop to both the Impressment of American 
Seamen, and to interference with our commerce. One great 
result of the war was to give the Lmited States a position 
of respect and honor among the nations of the world. 

Q. When was the Civil War? 

A. 1861 to 1865. 

Q. Who was President during the Civil War? 

A. Abraham Lincoln. 

Q. Who were fighting at that time? 

A. Northern states of United States against the southern. 

Q. Why were they fighting? 

A. Because some of the Southern States seceded from the 
Union, or because of the Slavery Question. 

Q. What was the effect of the war? 

A. The slaves were freed, a*nd the states were again admitted 
to the Union after meeting certain conditions. 

Q. When was the War with Spain? 

A. 1898 to 1899. 

Q. Who was President at the time? 

A. William McKinley. 

Q. What were the essential causes of the war? 

A. The brutal policy of the Spanish Government in Cuba, 
the desire of the United States to compel Spain to give up 
all rule in Cuba, and to make the Cubans free and inde¬ 
pendent. 


19 





Q. What were some of the results of the war? 

A. One was that the Cubans were freed. Another was that 
Porto Rico was ceded to the United States. Still another 
was that the Philippines were ceded to the United States, — 
the United States agreeing to pay Spain twenty million 
dollars ($20,000,000) for the Philippines. 

Q. When was the “World War” fought? 

A. 1914-1918. 

Q. Who was the President of the United States? 

A. Woodrow Wilson. 

Q. What was the cause of the War? 

A. The immediate pretext for the war was the killing of Arch¬ 
duke Ferdinand and his wife by some young Serbs, while 
the Archduke and his wife were on a visit to Servia and 
Bosnia, while in Serajevo. 

Undoubtedly, the real cause of the war was that Germany 
felt herself ready to strike for world power and world 
dominion. 

Q. When did the United States enter the war? 

A. April 6, 1917. 

Q. When did the war end? 

A. It ended, so far as real warfare goes, with the armistice of 
November ii, 1918. 

Q. Can you mention one or two results of the War? 

A. The League of Nations, designed to prevent war. A change 
in the map of Europe, designed to give to large groups of 
peoples territories more nearly in accordance with justice. 

Q. What are the colors of the United States flag? 

A. Red, white and blue. 

Q. Can you tell something about what the stars and stripes 
represent ? 

A. In the field of blue there is a star for every state in the 
Union, and there are thirteen stripes — a stripe for each of 
the thirteen original states. 

Q. When is Columbus Day? 

A. October 12. 

Q. When is Washington’s Birthday? 

A. February 22. 

Q. When is Lincoln’s Birthday? 

A. February 12. 

Q. Why is July 4 remembered by some celebration each year? 

A. Because it was on July 4, 1776, that our Declaration of 
Independence was signed. We remember it as our Indepen¬ 
dence Day. 

Q. Are you an anarchist? 

Q. Are you a polygamist? 

Q. Are you a member of the I. W. W. ? 

Q. Do you believe in Bolshevism? 




Q. Who is Marcus Holcomb? 

A. Governor of Connecticut. 

Q. Who is John J. Pershing? 

A. Commander of the Expeditionary Forces in Europe. 

Q. Who is Newton D. Baker? 

A. Secretary of War under President Wilson. 

Q. Who is Josephus Daniels? 

A. Secretary of the Navy under President Wilson. 

Q. Can you read the American newspaper? 

* Q. Do you read the American newspaper? 

Q. Does becoming a citizen of the United States entitle you to 
vote in the State of Connecticut. 

A. No. I must be able to read the Constitution, besides meet¬ 
ing other requirements. 


HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED 
STATES 

AN OUTLINE 

Discovery 

The Italians 

Four hundred years ago a few men in Europe were thinking 
about a new way to India and the Far East. They were not 
looking for a new world when America was discovered in 1492. 
It was the spirit of adventure and the lure of untold riches in 
far away lands that led bold and daring men to cross the 
unknown Atlantic. 

But a great discovery was made, and the credit for it belongs 
to the Italians. Christopher Columbus, an Italian, dis¬ 
covered Islands to the South and East of the United 
States, in 1492. John Cabot, an Italian, discovered the main¬ 
land of North America, to the north of Nova Scotia, in 1497. 
Americus Vespucius, an Italian, travelled to the mainland of 
South America; wrote an account of what he saw; and in honor 
of Americus, the Italian, the new world was named America. 

Columbus owed much to Marco Polo, an Italian traveler, and 
to Paolo Toscanilli, an Italian astronomer. Surely, the Italians 
should take delight in the study of the history and government 
of our country in the discovery of which their progenitors were 
so conspicuously instrumental, — especially since they showed 
such manly virtues — Daring, Courage, Perseverence; and 
since that country has become one of the greatest on earth. 

The Spaniards 

Columbus was poor. He could not fit out an expedition 
on his own account. He had to find ways and means for his 
proposed voyage. It was the King and Queen of Spain who 
made the undertaking possible for him. 

21 



Spaniards were trying to find a passage to the lands of riches 
by sailing west, but none of their names have come down to us 
with such meaning as those of some of the Italians. However, 
a few of them are familiar to us. Balboa, in the service of 
Spain, crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and discovered the Pacific 
Ocean. Ponce de Leon discovered and named Florida in 1513. 
PIernando Cortez entered upon the conquest of Mexico in 
1519. Panfilo de Narvaez explored the region about the Gulf 
of Mexico in 1528. Hernando de Soto explored the region 
of the Southern States to the Mississippi River, 1539-1541. 
Francisco Coronado explored regions about the Rio Grande 
River and the Colorado River in 1540 to 1542. 

The Portuguese 

For some time before Columbus discovered America the 
Portuguese were active in trying to find an all-water route to 
the Indies. They were bold and daring navigators. They dis¬ 
covered the route around the Cape of Good Hope. Magellan, 
a Portuguese, in the service of Spain, headed an expedition which 
was the first to sail around the world, in the years 1519 to 1521. 

The French 

Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence in 1534. The 
next year he went up as far as the present site of Montreal. A 
few years later he came over again, and built a fort at the place 
where Quebec now stands. 

The English 

The English directed their efforts chiefly to discovering a 
northwest passage to Asia. Sir Francis Drake, during the 
years 1577-1580, explored the Pacific coast of America and was 
the first Englishman to sail around the earth. Sir Walter 
Raleigh sent an exploring expedition to America in 1584; and 
the territory explored was called Virginia. 

The Dutch 

Henry Hudson, an English navigator, in 1609, discovered 
the_ Hudson River, and upon this discovery the Dutch based 
their claims in later years. 

The Indians 

When Europeans first came to this country they found 
barren shores, forests, and savages, — not much like what 
Europeans find here now. The Indians were hostile. They had 
never seen white men before, for they were a dark brown or 
copper colored people. They lived by hunting, fishing, and plant¬ 
ing. They lived in wigwams or huts, not in beautiful houses. 


22 


What to Remember 

That Columbus discovered America in 1492. 

That October 12 is celebrated as Columbus Day. 

That the Italians found the way to America. 

That the Spaniards aided in discovery and explora¬ 
tion. 

That the Portuguese were the first to sail around 
the earth. 

That the French were the first to claim the St. 
Lawrence River region. 

That the English began to lay claim to the middle 
Atlantic seacoast. 

That the Dutch laid claim to the land about the 
Hudson River. 

That the Europeans found a new people — the 
American Indians, savage and warlike. 

COLONIZATION 

Three hundred years ago a large number of men, and the 
governments of several countries of Europe, were thinking about 
planting colonies in the New World. x\dventure, the desire for 
gold and silver, search for an all-water route to the wonderful 
East, the desire to find a fountain or stream of perpetual youth, 
or a northwest passage to the Indies, had been luring men out 
into unknown waters and into the dangers of forest, wild beasts, 
savage men, hunger, cold, and disease. Now, somewhat different 
motives were controlling the actions of men. In their vision, 
they saw in the new world a place where they could satisfy their 
longing for adventure, enterprise, money, religious freedom, or 
escape, from an oppressive and tyrannical government, — and 
some were thinking of coming to America to live. 

Spanish Colonies 

The Spaniards were the first to plant a permanent colony 
in America, — St. Augustine, Florida, 1565, by Menendez. 
Later, they founded Santa Fe, Mexico. 

French Settlements 

Samuel de Champlain was the first to make a pennanent 
settlement in Canada in 1608, — at Quebec, on the St. Lawrence 
River; and the next year he discovered and named Lake 
Champlain. 

Explorations did not cease with the planting of the first 
colonies, for America was a large territory to explore, and ex- 

23 


ploration has been going on for hundreds of years. Enterprising 
Frenchmen, adventurers, soldiers, priests, came to this wonder¬ 
ful country. Among them were Father Hennepin and Cavalier 
de LaSalle. They travelled through the wilderness by way of 
the great lakes to the Mississippi River and down that long 
stream to its mouth. They were building forts for priests and 
traders, — and laying claim to large territories, for a new 
France. 

English Colonies. 

The English have always been bold sea-rovers. They loved 
to sail, and explore, and capture Spanish ships, and hunt gold, 
and for a hundred years, and more, they thought little of settling 
in America. But once they started in, they persevered with an 
unconquerable determination, and in time the thirteen English 
colonies were founded. 

THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES 

(To he Remembered) 

Name of Colony and Reason for Settlement 

1. Virginia, 1607. 

At Jamestown by Captain John Smith for adventure. 

2. New York, 1614. 

At Fort Nassau (near Albany) by Dutchmen for trading. 

3. New Jersey, 1617. 

At Bergen (now Bayonne) by Dutch for fur trading. 

4. Massachusetts, 1620. 

At Plymouth by Miles Standish for religious freedom. 

5. New Hampshire, 1623. 

At Portsmouth and Dover by Thomson and party from 
Plymouth, England, for fishing and trading. 

6. Connecticut, 1633. 

At Hartford by the Dutch from New Amsterdam for trading. 

7. Maryland, 1634. 

At St. Mary’s by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for persecuted 
Catholics. 

’8. Rhode Island, 1636. 

At Providence by Roger Williams for religious freedom. 

9. Delaware, 1638. 

At Wilmington by the Swedes from Sweden. Trading. 

10. North Carolina, 1663. 

At Albermarle by people from Virginia for rich lands. 

24 


11. South Carolina, 1670. 

At Albermarle Point by people from Virginia and elsewhere 
for rich lands. * 

12. Pennsylvania, 1682. 

At Philadelphia by William Penn as a home for the Quakers. 

13. Georgia, 1733. 

At Savannah by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for perse¬ 
cuted debtors. 

What to Remember 

That the Spaniards claimed the Southern part of 
North America. 

That the French claimed the Northern part and the 
land drained by the Mississippi River. 

That the English claimed the central portion, and 
planted the thirteen English Colonies that were later 
to become the original thirteen states of the Union. 

That many of the colonists came to the new world 
for Religious Freedom — freedom to worship as they 
thought best. 

That the Pilgrim Fathers came to New England 
where they might enjoy Liberty of Conscience. 

That the Catholics came to Maryland where they 
might worship God according to their conscience and 
live in peace. 

That the most of the colonists came from Great 
Britain, some from other countries and for different 
reasons. 

That negro slavery began in Virginia in 1620 , and 
remained, confined chiefly in the South. 

LIFE IN THE COLONIES 

Men, women and children, who came to America in those 
early times, came to a life full of hardship and privation and end¬ 
less toil, to cutting down trees, building log cabins, planting in 
the clearings, trouble with the Indians, long winters, sickness, 
disease, and starvation. 

Many died, but some lived, — lived to fight their way through 
years of untoward conditions. Daring men, and independent, 
lovers of justice and freedom, men of vision, and lofty ideals 
were being developed in the new World. And their sons, and 
their sons’ sons, grew; up, pushing on to new lands, fighting 
savages and wild beasts, and chopping down trees; grew up, 
strong, sturdy, courageous, able to fight for Truth, Justice, 

25 


Right, and Freedom ; grew up to be men who could one day 
batter down the Argonne Forest. 

COLONIAL WARS 

Two hundred years ago the English colonists were in the 
midst of Colonial Wars. 

Long before Georgia was settled wars began to break out 
in the colonies. 

In the early days the colonists were far apart, there were 
no road ways, no post roads, no telegraph, no telephone, then 
the colonies were separate, and had very little in common. They 
differed in many ways. Time went on. Men from one colony 
went out to settle in another place. Roadways were developed. 
Traders travelled. Post-roads became known. The Indian 
did not like to have his happy hunting ground taken from him 
by the white men. The French did not like to have the English 
push out into territory which they claimed. Ambush fighting 
with the Indians would culminate in an Indian war — such as 
the Pequot War in Connecticut in 1637; or King Philip’s War 
in New England, forty years later. 

Then followed King William’s War (1689-1697) ; Queen 
Anne’s War (i 702-1713) ; and King George’s War (1744-1748). 
It must be remembered that France and England were in con¬ 
flict for centuries and that these wars were caused partly, if 
not altogether, by the strong attachment the colonists had for 
their parents across the water. 

By some these wars are considered unimportant. But were 
they to the men who were engaged in them? To us they are 
important because they help us to understand better the hard¬ 
ships which our forefathers endured. And they were but the 
forerunners of a greater, 1754 — the Erench and Indian War, 

1758- 

The general cause of this war was the strife in Europe 
between England and Erance and the jealousy over the terri¬ 
tory in America, existing between the French and the English, 
for the English were pushing westward and onto lands claimed 
by the French, and the . French were trying to hold territories 
they claimed by building forts far out on the tributaries of the 
St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers. Naturally the trouble 
broke over the struggle for the Ohio Valley. 

This war began in the colonies and was taken up by the 
governments at home in Europe. It began here in 1754 and ended 
in 1758, but continued in Europe to 1763, when the treaty of 
peace was signed. 

The territory fought over extended from Virginia westward 
to the Ohio River and northward to the St. Lawrence River. 
A few officers and soldiers were sent over from Europe. The 
forts along the Monongahela and Alleghany Rivers and Quebec 

26 


on the St. Lawrence were the principal centers of conflict. The 
English were victorious. By the treaty of peace 

(1) France surrendered all of her possessions on the continent 
east of the Mississippi River, excepting New Orleans, to 
England. 

(2) Spain surrendered Florida to England, but England re¬ 
turned it 20 years later. 

(3) France surrendered Louisiana to Spain, and Spain returned 
it to France in 1800. 

What to Rcnieinbcr 

That through many, long years the colonies had 
to struggle for existence. 

That the rivalry, between France and England in 
Europe was a principal reason why the colonists had 
to go through long colonial wars here. 

That the French and Indian War settled a long 
controversy over lands in America. 

That the Eastern half of the continent now^ belonged 
to England, and the western half belonged to Spain. 
That the English colonists 

(1) Had learned warfare in America. 

(2) Had become aware of their own strength. 

(3) Had learned to be self-reliant. 

That George Washington, in the French and Indian 
War, learned much to help him in future years. 

GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONIES 

When the colonists first came over to America, the home 
governments gave them liberal grants of land and charters that 
allowed them a large measure of freedom in local governments. 

Love of freedom, political as well as religious, increased. 
When the men from Massachusetts came into Connecticut to 
settle, they were practically under no law, so they drew up a 
code of their own. “ This Connecticut Constitution is notable 
as being the first written constitution in the history of the world 
which was drawn up by the people themselves for their own 
government.” 

The colonists, surrounded as they were by the Indians, the 
French, and the Dutch, found that they could protect themselves 
better by uniting than by remaining separate, so many forms 
of union were tried or proposed. The following plans may be 
mentioned:— 


27 


The New England Confederation . 1643 

Franklin’s Plan of bunion . ^754 

The Stamp Act Congress . 1765 

Committees of Correspondence . 177 ^ 


First Meeting of the Continental Congress 1774 
Second Meeting of the Continental Congress 1775 

After the French and Indian War the English Government, 
in need o*f money, taxed the colonists more and more heavily 
until they felt they could bear the burden no longer,— unless 
they might have a say as to how money taken from the colonists 
should be spent. 

In 1775 England sent over troops to enforce her taxation 
policy, and the first battle of the American Revolution was 
fought April 19, 1775. 

Up to this time the colonists were chiefly English, and they 
were staunchly loyal to England. From now on they are 
Americans, and write their 


DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

Representatives from the thirteen English colonies met at 
Philadelphia in Independence Hall, agreed on union, and 
Thomas Jefiferson wrote the famous document: 

The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States 
of America: — 

“ When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con¬ 
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of 
the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to the separation. 

“We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are 
created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer¬ 
tain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern¬ 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from 
the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of gov¬ 
ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of 
the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new govern¬ 
ment, laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to 
effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic¬ 
tate that governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes; and accordingly, all experience 


28 






hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is 
their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
to provide new guards for their future security. Such has' 
been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems 
of government. The history of the present king of Great 
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all 
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny 
over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
candid world.” 

Then follows a recital of the causes which determined the 
colonies upon separation. Concluding, the document reads:— 

“ In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for 
redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have 
been answered only by repeated injury. 

“A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

“ Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British 
brethren. We have warned them from time to time, of attempts 
by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over 
us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emi¬ 
gration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native 
justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties 
of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which 
would inevitably interrupt our connections and qprrespondence. 
They, too, have been deaf to the voices of justice and of con¬ 
sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity 
which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the 
rest of mankind — enemies in war; in peace, friends. 

“ We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the 
name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, 
solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies, are, 
and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they 
are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that 
all political connection between them and the state of Great 
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free 
and independent States, they have full power to levy war, con¬ 
clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all 
other acts and things which independent States may of right do. 
And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on 


29 


the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.'’ 

Then follows the signatures of the Representatives from the 
thirteen colonies. This great paper should be read, and studied, 
by every one who enjoys, or hopes to enjoy, American Freedom. 
It was signed July 4, 1776, and since that time, July 4 has been 
known as Independence Day. July 4 is our national birthday, 
and it is celebrated every year as a national holiday. 

The publication of these facts to the civilized world meant 
eight years of war, a war which had been going on for more than 
a year. 

The Continental Congress began to work out a system of 
government for a new nation. It was a tremendous task. 

The war went on year by 3^ear. The colonists were poor and 
unable to equip and feed their fighting men. The struggle 
went on from Lexington and Concord in 1775, northward to 
Quebec in Canada, southward to Georgia, westward to the 
Alleghany Mountains, until Yorktown, where the English sur¬ 
rendered, was reached in 1781. 

The English sent over some of her best generals, English 
soldiers, and Germans, “ Who had been sold by their rulers to 
Britain’s king to fight his battles.” 

From France came Lafayette, and an army and a French 
navy to help the Americans gain their Independence and Free¬ 
dom. 

The treaty of peace provided: 

1. That England recognized American independence. 

2. That the United States extended from the Great Lakes 
to Florida and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River. 

Thus, the new republic was bounded on the south and west 
by Spanish territory and on the north and northeast by British 
territory. 

George Washington had proved himself to be a great leader 
during the war. 

Benjamin Franklin served his fellow Americans well by 
securing assistance from France. 

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, 
one of the greatest papers in all history. 

The Continental Congress had drafted a plan of Union, 
called the 

Articles of Confederation 

in 1776, but they were not to become effective until every state 
consented to the plan, which was not done until 1781. But 
they were found to be very defective. 

I. There was no provision for a president to enforce the 
laws. 


30 


2. There was no supreme court to judge the laws. 

3. The Congress could vote on everything but could enforce 
nothing. 

To right these defects Congress called a convention, 1787, to 
meet in Philadelphia. The very best men from the colonies 
met there. George Washington was president of the convention. 

For five months these men discussed the kind of government 
they thought the United States should have. The result of 
their labors was the 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

which remains to this day, The Fundamental Law of our Country. 

Its preamble recites six reasons why the constitution was 
found necessary — 

“ We the people of the United States, in order to 

1. Form a more perfect union, 

2. Establish justice, 

3. Insure domestic tranquillity, 

4. Provide for the common defense, 

5. Promote the general welfare and 

6. Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 
posterity 

do ordain and establish this 

Constitution for the United States of America.'’ 

ARTICLE I. LEGISLATIVE. 

Section I. congress. 

Laws shall be made by the Congress which shall consist of 
a Senate and House of Representatives. 

Section II. the house of representatives. 

The House of Representatives shall be chosen every second 
year by the people of the several states. 

Persons may vote for a Representative to Congress, who may 
vote for a Representative to the state legislature. 

A Representative must be at least twenty-five years old, 
seven years a citizen of the United States, an inhabitant of that 
state in which he shall be chosen. 

The number of Representatives shall be determined by Con¬ 
gress, once every ten years, and shall be proportionate to the 
population of the state. Each state shall have at least one 
representative. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and 
other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section HI. the senate. 

The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each 
state. 


31 



Each Senator shall have one vote. 

Each Senator is chosen for six years. 

Each Senator must be at least: 
thirty years of age, 

nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
an inhabitant of the state from which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President shall be President of the Senate. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers.^ 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 

Section IV. elections for senators and represen¬ 
tatives shall be held as the legislature of a state may prescribe. 

The Congress shall meet on the first Monday of December 
in every year. 

Section V. powers of each house. 

Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members. 

A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum. 

Each house: 

may compel attendance of absent members, 

may determine its own rules, 

shall keep a journal of its own proceedings. 

Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days. 

Section VI. compensation. 

Congressmen shall be paid for their service, privileged from 
arrest during their attendance, and they shall not be questioned 
in any other place for any speech or debate in either house. 

No Congressman shall be appointed to any civil office under 
the authority of the United States, which shall have been 
created during his term of service. 

No person holding any office under the United States shall 
be a member of either house. 

Section VII. bills. 

All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives. 

Every bill passed by the House and Senate must, before it 
may become a law, be approved or disapproved by the Presi¬ 
dent. If he approves it, he shall sign it, and the bill becomes 
a law; —or if he does not sign it within ten days, and Congress 
is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature; if Con¬ 
gress is not still in session, it fails to become a law. If he dis¬ 
approves, he shall return it, with his objection, to the house in 
which it originated; if the house reconsiders it and passes it by 
a two-thirds vote it may send it to the other house, and if the 
second house passes it by a two-thirds vote, the bill becomes a 
law. 


32 


Section VIII. powers of congress. 

The Congress shall have power to: 

Lay and collect taxes; 

Pay the debts of the United States; 

Provide for the common defense and general welfare of the 
United States; 

Borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

Regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the 
several states; 

Establish .uniform rules of naturalization; 

Coin money; 

Establish post-offices and post roads; 

Promote the progress of science and useful arts; 

Constitute courts inferior to the Supreme Court; 

Declare war; 

Raise and support armies; 

Provide and maintain a navy; 

Exercise exclusive legislation in all cases over the seat of 
the government of the United States, forts, and other needful 
buildings. 

Section IX. prohibitions upon congress. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus¬ 
pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public 
safety may require it. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
state. 

No preference shall be given to commerce in ports of one 
state over those of another. 

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in conse¬ 
quence of appropriation made by law. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States. 

Section X. prohibitions upon states. 

No state shall enter into any treaty or confederation; 

No state shall coin money; 

No State shall grant any title of nobility. 

ARTICLE II. EXECUTIVE 

Section I. the executive. 

The executive power shall be vested in the President of the 
United States. 

His term of office shall be four years. 

The President and Vice-President shall be elected as follows: 
— Each state shall appoint a number of electors, equal to the 
whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the 
State may' be entitled in the Congress. 


33 


(article XII OF THE AMENDMENTS 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
by ballot for President and Vice-President. 

The electors shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for 
as President, and Vice-President, the number of votes for -which, 
which lists they shall sign, certify, and transmit sealed to the 
President of the Senate, the Capitol, Washington, D. C. 

The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted. 

The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi¬ 
dent, shall be president, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors apointed; if not, the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives shall, then from the persons having the highest num¬ 
bers not excluding three, choose immediately, l)y ballot, the 
President. Then, in a like way, a Vice-President is chosen. 

No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President 
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President.) 

The President must be: 

A natural born citizen. 

At least thirty-five years old, 

A resident within the United States fourteen years. 

In case of removal or disability of the President, the Vice- 
President shall take his place. 

The President shall be paid for his services. 

The President shall take the following oath of office: — 

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of President of the United States, and will to the best 
of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of 
the United States.” 

Section H. executive powers. 

The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States. 

He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeach¬ 
ment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, to make treaties provided two-thirds of the Senators 
present concur. 

He shall nominate, and, with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, shall appoint:— Ambassadors, ministers, and consuls ; 
judges of the Supreme Court; and all other officers of the United 
States, not herein otherwise provided for. 

He shall have power to fill vacancies that may happen during 
the recess of the Senate. 


34 


Section III. executive duties. 

The President shall: 

Give to the Congress information of the State of the Union; 
Recommend such measures as he shall judge necessary; 
Take care that the laws be faithfully executed; 

Commission all the officers of the United States. 

The President may: 

Convene both houses, or either of them, or adjourn them to 
such time as he shall think proper. 

Section IV. removal of executive. 

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for 
conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mis¬ 
demeanors. 


ARTICLE III. JUDICIAL 

Section I. courts and judges. 

The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court, 
and in such inferior courts as the Congress may establish. 

The judges shall hold their offices during good behavior, 
and shall receive pay. 

Section II. jurisdiction of the courts. 

The judicial power shall extend to all cases, arising under 
the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made 
under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, minis¬ 
ters and consuls; to controversies between two or more states, 
a state and citizens of another state, citizens of different states. 

The trial of all crimes shall be by jury; and held in the State 
where the crime was committed. 

Section III. treason. 

Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy¬ 
ing war against them, or in giving aid and comfort to their 
enemies. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
of treason. 

ARTICLE IV. regarding STATES 

- Section I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public 
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. 

Section II. 

The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or 
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State 

35 


from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Section III. 

New states may be admitted by the Congress into the Union. 

Section IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
union a republican form of government and shall protect each 
of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, 
or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), 
against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. PROVISION FOR AMENDMENTS 

If two-thirds of both houses of Congress shall deem it 
necessary, the Congress shall propose amendments to this con¬ 
stitution, 

or 

if the Legislature of two-thirds of the several states shall make 
application, the Congress shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments, 

and 

if the Legislatures of three-fourths of the states, 

or 

if conventions in three-fourths of the States, shall ratify the 
proposed amendments, in either case, the proposed amendments 
shall become a part of this Constitution. 

ARTICLE VI. MISCELLANEOUS 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States under this Constitution, as under the Confedera¬ 
tion. 

This Constitution,-and the laws of the United States which 
shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or 
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme law of the land and the judges in every 
state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 
members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive 
and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the sev¬ 
eral States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this 
Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. RATIFICATION 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the 
States so ratifying the same. 

36 


Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the 
States present, the seventeenth day of September, 
in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred 
and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. 

In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our 
names, 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President, Deputy from Virginia. 

AMENDMENTS 

The Constitution was not entirely satisfactory to all, and 
the first ten amendments were soon found necessary. They are 
as follows:— 

Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an estab¬ 
lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right 
of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern¬ 
ment for- redress of grievances. 

Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear 
arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. No soldier shall, in. time of peace, be quartered 
in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, 
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and 
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person 
or things to be seized. 

Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in¬ 
dictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or 
naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the 
same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against him¬ 
self, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public 
use without just compensation. 

Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury 
of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been com¬ 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by 
law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa¬ 
tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have 
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

37 


Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be other¬ 
wise re-examined in any court of the United States, than 
according to the rules of common law. 

Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in¬ 
flicted. 

Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of cer¬ 
tain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others 
retained by the people. 

Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the Constitution, or prohibited by it to the States, are re¬ 
served to the States respectively, or to the people. 

Article XIII. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the person shall have 
been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any 
place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Article XIV. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state 
shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges 
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any 
State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without 
due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Article XV. The rights of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by 
any State, on account of race,' color, or previous condition of 
servitude. 

Article XVI. The Congress shall have power to lay and 
collect taxes on incomes from whatever source derived, without 
apportionment among the several States, and without regard to 
any census or enumeration. 

Article XVII. United States Senators are to be elected by 
the people of the state. 

Article XVIII. Manufacture and sale of spirituous liquors 
prohibited in the United States. 


organization of the government 

The Constitution Ratified, lySS. 

The Constitution was written and adopted in 1787. By the 
middle of the next year it had been ratified by eleven states, and 
the new Constitution was to become effective March 4, 1789. 
Government under the Confederation ceased. 


38 



George Washington, First President. 

The new seat of Government was to be New York City. 
George Washington was elected president, for a fir^t term, and 
then again for a second term. In 1790 the capitol was trans¬ 
ferred from New York to Philadelphia. Three new states were 
admitted to the Union during Washington’s administration. In 
1796 Washington issued his Farewell Address, in which he made 
a plea for NATIONAL UNITY, PEACE, OBEDIENCE TO 
LAW, MORALIY, AND RELIGION — words that have 
echoed through the years, ideas that American men have fought 
and died for, insignia to be worn by every lover of American 
Freedom. 

George Washington, citizen, went to his home in Mount 
Vernon, Virginia, to live in 1797, and there 

“ The Father of His Country” 

died in 1799. 

John Adams was the next president, and during his term of 
office, the capitol was again removed — from Philadelphia to 
its permanent home at Washington, on the Potomac River, 1799. 

TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES 

Thomas Jefferson was the next president, and he served two 
terms, from 1801 to 1809. During his first term, the United 
States began to acquire more territory, and from time to time 
has added to her territorial possessions. 

(1) Territory of Louisiana purchased from France in 1803. 

(2) Florida purchased from Spain in 1819. 

(3) Texas annexed, 1845. 

(4) Oregon territory acquired from Great Britain by treaty, 
1846. 

(5) New Mexico and California acquired from Mexico by 
conquest and the payment of $15,000,000 in 1848. 

(6) Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona purchased 
(the “ Gadsden Purchase ”) from Mexico in 1853. 

(7) Alaska purchased from Russia in 1867. 

(8) Hawaii annexed in 1898. 

(9) The Philippine Islands acquired by conquest, treaty 
with Spain, and the payment of $20,000,000 in 1899. 

(10) Porto Rico and the Island of Guam acquired by 
treaty with Spain, 1899. 

(11) The Danish West Indies were purchased from Den¬ 
mark for $25,000,000 in 1917. 

SECOND W.\R WITH ENGLAND 

James Madison was the fourth president of the United 
States. During his two terms, the war of 1812 was fought. 
Cause — The general cause was the ‘‘ Impressment of American 
Seamen.” English vessels were stopping American ships, seiz¬ 
ing American sailors, and forcing them to serve on English boats. 

39 


Result — The general result was a victory for the Americans. 
England became convinced that the United States was able and 
determined to protect her men on the ocean. A treaty of peace 
was signed in 1814. 

The Second War of Independence taught the Americans: 

(1) To rely upon themselves more than ever, and 

(2) To undertake manufacturing’on a larger scale. 

THE MONROE DOCTRINE 

One hundred years ago found the United States a really In¬ 
dependent and Sovereign Nation, at peace with the world, and 
with twenty-two states in the Union. 

James Monroe was president. He it was who declared to 
the world that European interference in American affairs would 
be viewed by the United States as an “ unfriendly act,”— and 
that might mean war. For nearly one hundred years the Ameri¬ 
cans lived without war with Europeans; for over one hundred 
years Canadians and Americans have lived side by side without 
war. Through a number of presidential administrations the 
people of the United States lived to enjoy peace, to develop its 
resources, its manufactures, to grow in population and in wealth. 

THE MEXICAN WAR. 

In 1844 Texas, free soil in the Republic of Mexico, applied 
to the United States for annexation, and the next year Texas 
was annexed. 

Cause — Disputes over the boundary between Texas and Mex¬ 
ico, and Mexico’s unwillingness to give up Texas led to war, 

1845- 

Result —In 1848, by the treaty of peace, Mexico gave up her 
claim to Texas, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and 
Colorado, 

THE SLAVERY QUESTION 

In 1619 negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. It 
proved very profitable to the Southerners. The Northerners 
looked upoii the slave trade with disfavor. Ill-feeling grew up 
over the question. Disputes grew bitter when a territory was to 
be admitted as a state. The people of the South wanted slave 
states. The people of the North wanted free states, and a war 
which resulted in the freedom of the slaves came about. 

Abraham Lincoln^ President. 

CIVIL WAR 

Cause — The secession of Southern States because of the slav¬ 
ery question, and the firing on Fort Sumter, by the Southerners. 
The American flag had been fired upon, and President Lincoln 
called for volunteers to stop it, and to preserve the Union. 


40 


It was one of the most dreadful civil wars in history. It 
lasted from i86i to 1865. 

It was during this war that President Lincoln, in November, 
1863, made an immortal speech at the dedication of a soldiers’ 
monument at Gettysburg, Pa. 

He said: ‘‘Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers 
brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in 
liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created 
equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing 
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, 
can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that 
war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a 
final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that 
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we 
should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we 
cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground. The brave 
men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it 
far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will 
little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never 
forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be 
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought 
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be 
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from 
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for 
which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here 
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that 
this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and 
that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, 
shall not perish from the earth.” 

The war went on for two years more, and freedom for the 
negro slaves was won. 

Results — The Union was preserved, — an “ indivisible union 
of indestructible states.” 

The negro slave was freed. 

Citizenship for the negro resulted. 

Civil war proved the government of the United States to 
be “ one of the strongest governments on earth, wheix self- 
governing citizens would fly to the standard of the law to pre¬ 
serve order and protect their country ”. 

RECONSTRUCTION. 

Great wars cannot be waged without much destruction to life, 
property and morality. If civilization is to advance, a period 
of reconstruction must follow; and a difficult period it is to 
live through. We are passing through trying times now, 
— reconstruction after the World War. Such a period calls 
for wise men, sane men, loyal men; and since, in a democracy. 


41 


the people rule, it means that all men of a democracy should be 
wise, sane, and loyal. It means that there is no room here for 
anarchists and bolshevists. 

Abraham Lincoln was our first martyr president, and 
Andrew Johnson, who succeeded him in the presidency, was the 
first, and only, president to be impeached. 

The states that withdrew from the Union were brought back 
into the Union. 

In 1865, there were thirty-six states. 

A million men in the Union Army were disbanded, and within 
six months nearly all of them found their places in civil life, 
peaceably and with law and order. 

The thirteenth amendment, abolishing slavery, was ratified 
by the states, 1865. 

Provision for the payment of the public debt was made by 
selling revenue stamps, taxing incomes, placing duties on 
imported goods, etc. 

Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,200,000 in 1867. 
It is valuable for its fisheries, furs, and gold fields. 

The fourteenth amendment, guaranteeing equal civil rights to 
all, was adopted in 1868. General U. S. Grant, a great leader in 
the Civil War, became president in 1869. In this year, the 
Pacific Railroad was completed. This road opened a vast terri¬ 
tory to a larger industrial and material development. Progress 
in the arts of peace began to move forward by leaps and bounds. 
It is interesting to note What God Hath Wrought since the close 
of the Civil War, or within the memory of man now living. 

INVENTIONS. 

For hundreds and thousands of years there had been com¬ 
paratively little prograss in the upward trend of civilization. 
Generation after generation had come and gone with very little 
improvement in the arts of peace. Grandfather and grandson 
had lived and had done things in much the same way — there 
had been very little change. 

But how different in the last hundred years! Three of the 
very greatest changes have come about in little more than that 
time. These were brought about by three inventions. 

1. The cotton gin, 1793. 

2. The locomotive, 1829. 

3. The McCormick reaper, 1831. 

Eli Whitney was a Connecticut schoolmaster. He went to 
Georgia to teach General Green’s children. He saw how long it 
took to separate the cotton fibre from the cotton seed. He 
invented a machine to do the work. Then, with the cotton gin 
(engine) one slave could clean a hundred pounds of cotton in 
one day. This stimulated the production of cotton in the South. 
Increased production called for manufacturing industries. Thus 
the South became much more than an agricultural region and 

42 


became capable of supporting a much larger population, and 
the whole future history of the United States was largely influ¬ 
enced by the invention of the Cotton Gin. 

One of the wonders of the ancient world was the Roman 
roads, but they did not change the mode of travel and trans¬ 
portation. It was left to England and America, hundreds of 
years later, to develop a new means. Various ways were tried, 
but the expansive power of steam seemed the most promising. 
In 1807, Robert Fulton, an American born in Pennsylvania, put 
his steamboat on the Hudson River. Other steamboats were 
built, improvements on them made, and a new and better way 
of travel brought to practical success. The water ways had 
been conquered, but a great problem remained — transportation 
by land. Men were working toward a road of iron rails with 
a steam-driven locomotive-engine. George Stephenson, an 
Englishman, in 1814 invented a “ travelling engine.” In 1829 
the first steam locomotive used in this country was brought from 
England. Railroads were developed, and the way to open up 
the continent was found. The Great West was made accessible. 
Manufactured goods from the East could be carried West, and 
the products of the West could be shipped East. Again, the 
history of a great country was forever changed by an invention. 

The Great West contained hundreds of thousands of acres 
of good wheat land, but no quick way was known for harvesting 
the crops. In 1831, Cyrus McCormick, an American, produced 
a reaping machine that would do the work of many men. This 
stimulated the wheat industry and other industries, and made the 
Great West both prosperous and populous. 

Less than ninety years ago Chicago was a mere fort, today 
it is a city of millions,— one result, due in large measure to two 
inventions — the railroad and the reaper. 

Other inventions of importance might be mentioned:— 
Howe’s sewing machine, Goodyear’s vulcanized rubber, Morse’s 
telegraph. Field’s Atlantic Cable, Bell’s telephone, Hoe’s 
cylinder printing press, the bicycle, the friction match, the electric 
lamp, the electric car, the electric motor, the gas engine, the 
typewriter, the phonograph, the type-setting machine, the auto¬ 
mobile, the wireless telegraph, the moving picture, the air ship. 
More than a million inventions have been registered in 
Washington. 

Can you show how any one of these inventions has helped 
to shape the history of our country? 

To what nation should a large number of these inventions 
be credited? 

Can you picture yourself living here in the time of 
Washington ? 

Can you show how invention influences industry? 

America is sometimes called a Great Nation Can you 
tell why? 


43 


THE WAR WITH SPAIN, 1898. 

Trouble between Spain and the United States arose over the 
island of Cuba. Cubans had been governed by Spanish office¬ 
holders and soldiers, who demanded unreasonable taxes. The 
Cubans rebelled again and again, and tried to throw off the 
Spanish yoke. Spain sent soldiers under General Weyler td 
quell the insurrection. He was cruel and issued an order for 
“ reconcentration This called the Cubans to camps within 
the Spanish lines, where many of them starved to death. Later, 
the U. S. battleship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor. 
Over these occurrences the people of the United States became 
very much excited. Finally, President McKinley decided that 
there must be an end to Spanish rule in Cuba. Congress passed 
a resolution to the effect that the island should be free. Spain 
took this as a declaration of war. 

The war was short, long enough, however, to make the names 
of Commodore George Dewey, Theodore Roosevelt, Leonard 
Wood, and a few others better known to the world. 

Spain lost Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. 
The United States paid Spain twenty million dollars and the 
Cubans became free. 

Theodore Roosevelt succeeded William McKinley in the pres¬ 
idency. The country continued to prosper. Rich in natural 
resources, vast in extent of territory, developed under wise man¬ 
agement, governed by men accountable to the people themselves, 
the United States became more and more a Mecca for the 
oppressed of other lands. Material advance was not all. 
Education flourished, libraries grew, physical education and 
public health were given more attention. 

Theodore Roosevelt was followed by William Howard Taft, 
and he in turn by Woodrow Wilson. 

1914-THE WORLD WAR- I918. 

July, 1914, was a sad month for all civilized people of this 
earth, for it was then that Germany found a pretext for starting 
out on the road to World Conquest. For years, Germany had 
been looking forward to “ the Day Now she was ready and 
“ the Day ” had arrived. 

For nearly three years. President Wilson succeeded in holding 
the United States neutral, but during this time, Germany had 
been sinking boats with Americans on board. She had her 
agents within the United States plotting and planning destruc¬ 
tion of factories, bridges, and railways. She had caused intense 
horror within the people of America by her cruelties in the 
conduct of the war. More and more autocracy appeared to be 
pitted against democracy. Neutrality was no longer possible. 
April 6, 1917, found America lined up on the side of political 
freedom. 


44 


America's wars. 

It is interesting to note that in the American Revolution, 
America was fighting for freedom from Taxation without Repre¬ 
sentation; that in the War of 1812, America was fighting for 
freedom from seizure and search of American vessels and 
impressment of American seamen; that in the Civil War, 
America was fighting for the Unity of the Union, which resulted 
in the Freedom of the Slaves; that in the Spanish American War, 
America was fighting for the freedom of the Cubans; and that 
in the World War, America was fighting to vouchsafe freedom 
for the world — to make the world safe for democracy. 

AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 

The American newspaper, weeklies, and monthly magazines 
have come to play an important part in American life. large 
part of our information and education comes to us through 
these channels. These periodicals have become a great educator. 
A prospective American citizen can do little better than to acquire 
the habit of reading American newspapers, provided he desires 
to advance himself in American life and affairs. 

It would be worth‘while to make a study* of the newspaper 
for at least thirty minutes each week as a part of class work. 


PLAN OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. 


1. Legislative 

2. Executive 

3. Judicial 

A. In the L-nited States 

(Washington) 


Congress 

Senate 

House of Representatives 

President 
, \"ice-President 

U. S. Supreme Court 
Circuit Courts of Appeal 
District Courts 

B. In the State 

(Connecticut) 


General Assembly 

Senate 

House of Representatives 

Governor 

Lieutenant-Governor 

Supreme Court of 
Superior Court 

Errors 

C. In the County 

Commissioners 

Sheriff 

Court of Common 

Pleas 

D. In the Town 

Selectmen 


Probate Court 

E. In the City 

Aldermen 

Mayor 

City Court 

Police Court 


45 







































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